]! ^! In 1782, the Al Khalifa family captured Bahrain from the Persians. In order to secure these holdings, it entered into a series of treaties with the UK during the 19th century that made Bahrain a British protectorate. The archipelago attained its independence in 1971. Bahrain's small size and central location among Persian Gulf countries require it to play a delicate balancing act in foreign affairs among its larger neighbors. Facing declining oil reserves, Bahrain has turned to petroleum processing and refining and has transformed itself into an international banking center. King HAMAD bin Isa Al Khalifa, after coming to power in 1999, pushed economic and political reforms to improve relations with the Shi'a community and Shi'a political societies participated in 2006 parliamentary and municipal elections. Al Wifaq, the largest Shi'a political society, won the largest number of seats in the elected chamber of the legislature. However, Shi'a discontent has resurfaced in recent years with street demonstrations and occasional low-level violence. 
]" ^" Middle East, archipelago in the Persian Gulf, east of Saudi Arabia ^# 26 00 N, 50 33 E ^$ Middle East ^% `! 665 sq km `" 665 sq km `# 0 sq km ^& 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC ^' 0 km ^( 161 km ^) `$ 12 nm `M 24 nm `O extending to boundaries to be determined ^* arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers ^+ mostly low desert plain rising gently to low central escarpment ^, `% Persian Gulf 0 m `& Jabal ad Dukhan 122 m ^- oil, associated and nonassociated natural gas, fish, pearls ^. `' 2.82% `( 5.63% `) 91.55% (2005) ^/ 40 sq km (2003) ^0 periodic droughts; dust storms ^1 desertification resulting from the degradation of limited arable land, periods of drought, and dust storms; coastal degradation (damage to coastlines, coral reefs, and sea vegetation) resulting from oil spills and other discharges from large tankers, oil refineries, and distribution stations; lack of freshwater resources, groundwater and seawater are the only sources for all water needs _P `P Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands `Q none of the selected agreements ^2 close to primary Middle Eastern petroleum sources; strategic location in Persian Gulf, through which much of the Western world's petroleum must transit to reach open ocean 
]# ^3 708,573 `* includes 235,108 non-nationals (July 2007 est.) ^4 `+ 26.9% (male 96,217/female 94,275) `, 69.5% (male 284,662/female 207,555) `- 3.7% (male 13,451/female 12,413) (2007 est.) ^5 `! 29.7 years `. 32.7 years `/ 26.1 years (2007 est.) ^6 1.392% (2007 est.) ^7 17.53 births/1,000 population (2007 est.) ^8 4.21 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.) ^9 0.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.) ^: `0 1.03 male(s)/female `1 1.021 male(s)/female `, 1.372 male(s)/female `- 1.084 male(s)/female `2 1.255 male(s)/female (2007 est.) ^; `! 16.18 deaths/1,000 live births `. 18.89 deaths/1,000 live births `/ 13.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.) ^< `2 74.68 years `. 72.18 years `/ 77.25 years (2007 est.) ^= 2.57 children born/woman (2007 est.) ^> 0.2% (2001 est.) ^? less than 600 (2003 est.) ^@ less than 200 (2003 est.) ^A `3 Bahraini(s) `4 Bahraini ^B Bahraini 62.4%, non-Bahraini 37.6% (2001 census) ^C Muslim (Shi'a and Sunni) 81.2%, Christian 9%, other 9.8% (2001 census) ^D Arabic, English, Farsi, Urdu ^E `5 age 15 and over can read and write `2 89.1% `. 91.9% `/ 85% (2003 est.) 
]$ ^F `6 Kingdom of Bahrain `7 Bahrain `Z Mamlakat al Bahrayn `[ Al Bahrayn `\ Dilmun ^H constitutional hereditary monarchy ^I `8 Manama `9 26 13 N, 50 35 E `: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) ^J 5 governorates; Asamah, Janubiyah, Muharraq, Shamaliyah, Wasat `* each governorate administered by an appointed governor ^K 15 August 1971 (from UK) ^L National Day, 16 December (1971); note - 15 August 1971 was the date of independence from the UK, 16 December 1971 was the date of independence from British protection ^M adopted 14 February 2002 ^N based on Islamic law and English common law ^O 20 years of age; universal ^P `; King HAMAD bin Isa al-Khalifa (since 6 March 1999); Heir Apparent Crown Prince SALMAN bin Hamad (son of the monarch, born 21 October 1969) `< Prime Minister KHALIFA bin Salman al-Khalifa (since 1971); Deputy Prime Ministers ALI bin Khalifa bin Salman al-Khalifa, MUHAMMAD bin Mubarak al-Khalifa, Jawad al-ARAIDH `= Cabinet appointed by the monarch `> none; the monarchy is hereditary; prime minister appointed by the monarch ^Q bicameral legislature consists of the Consultative Council (40 members appointed by the King) and the Council of Representatives or Chamber of Deputies (40 members directly elected to serve four-year terms); note - National Action Charter created bicameral legislature on 23 December 2000; approved by referendum 14 February 2001; first legislative term held from December 2002 to December 2006; second term opened 15 December 2006 `> Council of Representatives - last held November-December 2006 (next election to be held in 2010) `? Council of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - al Wifaq (Shia) 17, al Asala (Sunni Salafi) 5, al Minbar (Sunni Muslim Brotherhood) 7, independents 11; note - seats by party as of February 2007 - al Wifaq 17, al Asala 8, al Minbar 7, al Mustaqbal (Moderate Sunni pro-government) 4, unassociated independents (all Sunni) 3, independent affiliated with al Wifaq (Sunni oppositionist) 1 ^R High Civil Appeals Court ^S political parties prohibited but political societies were legalized per a July 2005 law ^T Shi'a activists fomented unrest sporadically in 1994-97 and have recently engaged in protests with occasional low-level violence; protests related to a host of issues, including the 2002 constitution, elections, unemployment, and release of detainees; Sunni Islamist legislators support a greater role for Shari'a in daily life; several small leftist and other groups are active ^U ABEDA, AFESD, AMF, FAO, G-77, GCC, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDB, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO ^V `R Ambassador Nasir bin Muhammad al-BALUSHI `S 3502 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008 `T [1] (202) 342-1111 `U [1] (202) 362-2192 `V New York ^W `R Ambassador William T. MONROE `_ Building #979, Road 3119 (next to Al-Ahli Sports Club), Block 331, Zinj District, Manama `` PSC 451, Box 660, FPO AE 09834-5100; international mail: American Embassy, Box 26431, Manama `T [973] 1724-2700 `U [973] 1727-0547 ^X red, the traditional color for flags of Persian Gulf states, with a white serrated band (five white points) on the hoist side; the five points represent the five pillars of Islam 
]% ^Y With its highly developed communication and transport facilities, Bahrain is home to numerous multinational firms with business in the Gulf. Petroleum production and refining account for over 60% of Bahrain's export receipts, over 70% of government revenues, and 11% of GDP (exclusive of allied industries), underpinning Bahrain's strong economic growth in recent years. Other major segments of Bahrain's economy are the financial and construction sectors. Bahrain is actively pursuing the diversification and privatization of its economy to reduce the country's dependence on oil. As part of this effort, in August 2006 Bahrain and the US implemented a Free Trade Agreement (FTA), the first FTA between the US and a Gulf state. Unemployment, especially among the young, and the depletion of oil and underground water resources are major long-term economic problems. ^Z $17.7 billion (2006 est.) ^[ $12.12 billion (2006 est.) ^\ 7.6% (2006 est.) ^] $25,300 (2006 est.) ^^ `@ 0.5% `A 38.7% `B 60.8% (2005 est.) ^_ 352,000 `* 44% of the population in the 15-64 age group is non-national (2006 est.) ^` `@ 1% `A 79% `B 20% (1997 est.) ^a 15% (2005 est.) _! NA% _" `C NA% `D NA% _# 3.5% (2006 est.) _V 21.1% of GDP (2006 est.) _$ `E $5.582 billion `F $4.197 billion; including capital expenditures of $700 million (2006 est.) _% 34.2% of GDP (2006 est.) _& fruit, vegetables; poultry, dairy products; shrimp, fish _' petroleum processing and refining, aluminum smelting, iron pelletization, fertilizers, offshore banking, insurance, ship repairing, tourism _( 2% (2000 est.) _) 7.794 billion kWh (2004) _* 7.248 billion kWh (2004) _+ 0 kWh (2004) _, 0 kWh (2004) _- 188,300 bbl/day (2005 est.) _. 27,000 bbl/day (2004 est.) _/ NA bbl/day _0 NA bbl/day _W 121 million bbl (2006 est.) _1 9.75 billion cu m (2004 est.) _2 9.75 billion cu m (2004 est.) _X 0 cu m (2004 est.) _Y 0 cu m (2004 est.) _Z 92.03 billion cu m (1 January 2005 est.) _Q $1.999 billion (2006 est.) _3 $12.62 billion (2006 est.) _4 petroleum and petroleum products, aluminum, textiles _5 Saudi Arabia 3.3%, US 2.6%, UAE 2.3% (2005) _6 $9.036 billion (2006 est.) _7 crude oil, machinery, chemicals _8 Saudi Arabia 36.5%, Japan 6.6%, Germany 6.4%, US 5.4%, UK 5%, UAE 4.1% (2005) _[ $2.918 billion (2006 est.) _9 $7.267 billion (2006 est.) _: $150 million; note - $50 million annually since 1992 from the UAE and Kuwait (2002) _; Bahraini dinar (BHD) _< Bahraini dinars per US dollar - 0.376 (2006), 0.376 (2005), 0.376 (2004), 0.376 (2003), 0.376 (2002) _= calendar year 
]& _> 196,500 (2005) _? 748,700 (2005) _@ `G modern system `H modern fiber-optic integrated services; digital network with rapidly growing use of mobile cellular telephones `I country code - 973; tropospheric scatter to Qatar and UAE; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia; submarine cable to Qatar, UAE, and Saudi Arabia; satellite earth stations - 1 (1997) _A AM 2, FM 3, shortwave 0 (1998) _B 4 (1997) _C .bh _D 2,165 (2006) _E 152,700 (2005) 
]' _F 3 (2006) _G `! 3 `a 2 `b 1 (2006) _] 1 (2006) _^ gas 20 km; oil 52 km (2006) _H `! 3,498 km `K 2,768 km `L 730 km (2003) _S `! 8 ships (1000 GRT or over) 235,449 GRT/339,728 DWT by type: bulk carrier 4, cargo 1, container 2, petroleum tanker 1 `X 3 (Kuwait 3) (2006) _I Mina' Salman, Sitrah 
]( _J Bahrain Defense Forces (BDF): Ground Force (includes Air Defense), Naval Force, Air Force, National Guard _T 18 years of age for voluntary military service (2001) _K males age 18-49: 202,126 females age 18-49: 151,734 (2005 est.) Manpower fit for military service: males age 18-49: 161,372 females age 18-49: 125,488 (2005 est.) _L males age 18-49: 6,013 females age 18-49: 5,852 (2005 est.) _U 4.9% (2006 est.) 
]) _N none __ `f Bahrain is a destination country for men and women from South and Southeast Asia who migrate willingly to work as laborers or domestic servants, but may be subjected to conditions of involuntary servitude when faced with exorbitant recruitment and transportation fees, withholding of their passports, restrictions on their movement, non-payment of wages, and physical or sexual abuse; Eastern European women are also believed to be trafficked to Bahrain for the purpose of commercial sexual exploitation or forced labor `g Tier 2 Watch List - Bahrain's efforts to address trafficking in persons are based largely on pledges of future efforts; the government did not enact a comprehensive anti-trafficking law extending labor protection to domestic workers 