]! ^! Following the capture of Syria from the Ottoman Empire by Anglo-French forces in 1918, France received a mandate over this territory and separated out a region of Lebanon in 1920. France granted this area independence in 1943. A lengthy civil war (1975-1990) devastated the country, but Lebanon has since made progress toward rebuilding its political institutions. Under the Ta'if Accord - the blueprint for national reconciliation - the Lebanese established a more equitable political system, particularly by giving Muslims a greater voice in the political process while institutionalizing sectarian divisions in the government. Since the end of the war, Lebanon has conducted several successful elections, most militias have been disbanded, and the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) have extended authority over about two-thirds of the country. Hizballah, a radical Shi'a organization listed by the US State Department as a Foreign Terrorist Organization, retains its weapons. During Lebanon's civil war, the Arab League legitimized in the Ta'if Accord Syria's troop deployment, numbering about 16,000 based mainly east of Beirut and in the Bekaa Valley. Damascus justified its continued military presence in Lebanon by citing Beirut's requests and the failure of the Lebanese Government to implement all of the constitutional reforms in the Ta'if Accord. Israel's withdrawal from southern Lebanon in May 2000, however, encouraged some Lebanese groups to demand that Syria withdraw its forces as well. The passage of UNSCR 1559 in early October 2004 - a resolution calling for Syria to withdraw from Lebanon and end its interference in Lebanese affairs - further emboldened Lebanese groups opposed to Syria's presence in Lebanon. The assassination of former Prime Minister Rafiq HARIRI and 20 others in February 2005 led to massive demonstrations in Beirut against the Syrian presence ("the Cedar Revolution"). Syria finally withdrew the remainder of its military forces from Lebanon in April 2005. In May-June 2005, Lebanon held its first legislative elections since the end of the civil war free of foreign interference, handing a majority to the bloc led by Saad HARIRI, the slain prime minister's son. Hizballah kidnapped two Israeli soldiers in July 2006 leading to a 34-day conflict with Israel. UNSCR 1701, which passed in August 2006, called for the disarmament of Hizballah. 
]" ^" Middle East, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Israel and Syria ^# 33 50 N, 35 50 E ^$ Middle East ^% `! 10,400 sq km `" 10,230 sq km `# 170 sq km ^& about 0.7 times the size of Connecticut ^' `! 454 km `Y Israel 79 km, Syria 375 km ^( 225 km ^) `$ 12 nm ^* Mediterranean; mild to cool, wet winters with hot, dry summers; Lebanon mountains experience heavy winter snows ^+ narrow coastal plain; El Beqaa (Bekaa Valley) separates Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon Mountains ^, `% Mediterranean Sea 0 m `& Qurnat as Sawda' 3,088 m ^- limestone, iron ore, salt, water-surplus state in a water-deficit region, arable land ^. `' 16.35% `( 13.75% `) 69.9% (2005) ^/ 1,040 sq km (2003) ^0 dust storms, sandstorms ^1 deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in Beirut from vehicular traffic and the burning of industrial wastes; pollution of coastal waters from raw sewage and oil spills _P `P Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands `Q Environmental Modification, Marine Life Conservation ^2 Nahr el Litani is the only major river in Near East not crossing an international boundary; rugged terrain historically helped isolate, protect, and develop numerous factional groups based on religion, clan, and ethnicity 
]# ^3 3,925,502 (July 2007 est.) ^4 `+ 26.2% (male 525,199/female 504,240) `, 66.7% (male 1,255,624/female 1,361,265) `- 7.1% (male 125,904/female 153,270) (2007 est.) ^5 `! 28.3 years `. 27.2 years `/ 29.5 years (2007 est.) ^6 1.198% (2007 est.) ^7 18.08 births/1,000 population (2007 est.) ^8 6.1 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.) ^9 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.) ^: `0 1.05 male(s)/female `1 1.042 male(s)/female `, 0.922 male(s)/female `- 0.821 male(s)/female `2 0.944 male(s)/female (2007 est.) ^; `! 23.39 deaths/1,000 live births `. 25.94 deaths/1,000 live births `/ 20.71 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.) ^< `2 73.15 years `. 70.67 years `/ 75.77 years (2007 est.) ^= 1.88 children born/woman (2007 est.) ^> 0.1% (2001 est.) ^? 2,800 (2003 est.) ^@ less than 200 (2003 est.) ^A `3 Lebanese (singular and plural) `4 Lebanese ^B Arab 95%, Armenian 4%, other 1% `* many Christian Lebanese do not identify themselves as Arab but rather as descendents of the ancient Canaanites and prefer to be called Phoenicians ^C Muslim 59.7% (Shi'a, Sunni, Druze, Isma'ilite, Alawite or Nusayri), Christian 39% (Maronite Catholic, Greek Orthodox, Melkite Catholic, Armenian Orthodox, Syrian Catholic, Armenian Catholic, Syrian Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Chaldean, Assyrian, Copt, Protestant), other 1.3% `* 17 religious sects recognized ^D Arabic (official), French, English, Armenian ^E `5 age 15 and over can read and write `2 87.4% `. 93.1% `/ 82.2% (2003 est.) 
]$ ^F `6 Lebanese Republic `7 Lebanon `Z Al Jumhuriyah al Lubnaniyah `[ Lubnan `\ Greater Lebanon ^H republic ^I `8 Beirut `9 33 53 N, 35 30 E `: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) `p +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October ^J 8 governorates (mohafazat, singular - mohafazah); Aakar, Baalbek-Hermel, Beyrouth, Beqaa, Liban-Nord, Liban-Sud, Mont-Liban, Nabatiye ^K 22 November 1943 (from League of Nations mandate under French administration) ^L Independence Day, 22 November (1943) ^M 23 May 1926; amended a number of times, most recently Charter of Lebanese National Reconciliation (Ta'if Accord) of October 1989 ^N mixture of Ottoman law, canon law, Napoleonic code, and civil law; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction ^O 21 years of age; compulsory for all males; authorized for women at age 21 with elementary education ^P `; President Emile LAHUD (since 24 November 1998) `< Prime Minister Fuad SINIORA (since 30 June 2005); Deputy Prime Minister Elias MURR (since April 2005) `= Cabinet chosen by the prime minister in consultation with the president and members of the National Assembly `> president elected by the National Assembly for a six-year term (may not serve consecutive terms); election last held 15 October 1998 (next to be held in 2007 based on three-year extension); note - on 3 September 2004 the National Assembly voted 96 to 29 to extend Emile LAHUD's six-year term by three years; the prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed by the president in consultation with the National Assembly; by agreement, the president is a Maronite Christian, the prime minister is a Sunni Muslim, and the speaker of the National Assembly is a Shi'a Muslim `? for 15 October 1998 election: Emile LAHUD elected president; National Assembly vote - 118 votes in favor, 0 against, 10 abstentions ^Q unicameral National Assembly or Majlis Alnuwab (Arabic) or Assemblee Nationale (French) (128 seats; members elected by popular vote on the basis of sectarian proportional representation to serve four-year terms) `> last held in four rounds on 29 May, 5, 12, 19 June 2005 (next to be held 2009) `? percent of vote by group - NA; seats by group - Future Movement Bloc 36; Democratic Gathering 15; Development and Resistance Bloc 15; Free Patriotic Movement 15; Loyalty to the Resistance 14; Qornet Shewan 6; Lebanese Forces 5; Popular Bloc 4; Tripoli Independent Bloc 3; Kataeb Reform Movement 2; Syrian National Socialist Party 2; Tachnaq Party 2; Ba'th Party 1; Democratic Left 1; Democratic Renewal Movement 1; Kataeb Party 1; Nasserite Popular Movement 1; independent 4 ^R four Courts of Cassation (three courts for civil and commercial cases and one court for criminal cases); Constitutional Council (called for in Ta'if Accord - rules on constitutionality of laws); Supreme Council (hears charges against the president and prime minister as needed) ^S 14 March Coalition: Democratic Gathering [Walid JUNBLATT, leader of Progressive Socialist Party]; Democratic Left [Ilyas ATALLAH]; Democratic Renewal Movement [Nassib LAHUD]; Future Movement Bloc [Sa'ad HARIRI]; Kataeb Reform Movement [Amine GEMAYEL]; Lebanese Forces [Samir JA'JA]; Nasserite Popular Movement [Ussama SAAD]; Qornet Shewan Gathering (a grouping composed of political parties and independent members of the National Assembly [no individual leader]; Tripoli Independent Bloc Change and Reform Alliance: Free Patriotic Movement [Michel AWN]; Metn Bloc [Michel MURR]; Popular Bloc [Elias SKAFF]; Tachnaq Hizballah and Amal Alliance: Ba'th Party [Muhammad MUHAMMADIYAH]; Development and Resistance Bloc [Nabih BERRI, leader of Amal Movement]; Kataeb Party [Karim PAKRADONI]; Loyalty to the Resistance [Mohammad RA'AD]; Syrian Social Nationalist Party [Dr. Issam al-MAYHAYRI, secretary general] ^T none ^U ABEDA, ACCT, AFESD, AMF, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, OIF, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer) ^V `R Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Carla JAZZAR; note - ambassador designate is Antoine CHEDID `S 2560 28th Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 `T [1] (202) 939-6320 `U [1] (202) 939-6324 `V Detroit, New York, Los Angeles ^W `R Ambassador Jeffrey D. FELTMAN `_ Awkar, Lebanon; (Awkar facing the Municipality) `` P. O. Box 70-840, Antelias, Lebanon; PSC 815, Box 2, FPO AE 09836-0002; from US: US Embassy Beirut, 6070 Beirut Place, Washington, DC 20521-6070 `T [961] (4) 542600, 543600 `U [961] (4) 544136 ^X three horizontal bands consisting of red (top), white (middle, double width), and red (bottom) with a green cedar tree centered in the white band 
]% ^Y The 1975-90 civil war seriously damaged Lebanon's economic infrastructure, cut national output by half, and all but ended Lebanon's position as a Middle Eastern entrepot and banking hub. In the years since, Lebanon has rebuilt much of its war-torn physical and financial infrastructure by borrowing heavily - mostly from domestic banks. In an attempt to reduce the ballooning national debt, the Rafiq HARIRI government began an austerity program, reining in government expenditures, increasing revenue collection, and privatizing state enterprises, but economic and financial reform initiatives stalled and public debt continued to grow despite receipt of more than $2 billion in bilateral assistance at the Paris II Donors Conference. The Israeli-Hizballah conflict caused an estimated $3.6 billion in infrastructure damage in July and August 2006, and internal Lebanese political tension continues to hamper economic activity. ^Z $21.45 billion (2006 est.) ^[ $19.62 billion (2006 est.) ^\ -5% (2006 est.) ^] $5,500 (2006 est.) ^^ `@ 7% `A 21% `B 72% (2005) ^_ 1.5 million `* in addition, there are as many as 1 million foreign workers (2005 est.) ^` `@ NA% `A NA% `B NA% ^a 20% (2006 est.) _! 28% (1999 est.) _" `C NA% `D NA% _# 4.8% (2006 est.) _V 17.8% of GDP (2006 est.) _$ `E $4.444 billion `F $7.429 billion; including capital expenditures of $NA (2006 est.) _% 209% of GDP (2006 est.) _& citrus, grapes, tomatoes, apples, vegetables, potatoes, olives, tobacco; sheep, goats _' banking, tourism, food processing, jewelry, cement, textiles, mineral and chemical products, wood and furniture products, oil refining, metal fabricating _( NA% _) 9.762 billion kWh (2004) _* 9.529 billion kWh (2004) _+ 0 kWh (2004) _, 450 million kWh (2004) _- 0 bbl/day (2004 est.) _. 107,000 bbl/day (2004 est.) _/ NA bbl/day _0 NA bbl/day _1 0 cu m (2004 est.) _2 0 cu m (2004 est.) _Q $-5.339 billion (October 2006) _3 $1.881 billion f.o.b. (2005 est.) _4 authentic jewelry, inorganic chemicals, miscellaneous consumer goods, fruit, tobacco, construction minerals, electric power machinery and switchgear, textile fibers, paper _5 Syria 25.3%, UAE 11.4%, Switzerland 8.1%, Turkey 6%, Saudi Arabia 5.4% (2005) _6 $9.34 billion f.o.b. (2005 est.) _7 petroleum products, cars, medicinal products, clothing, meat and live animals, consumer goods, paper, textile fabrics, tobacco _8 Italy 11.1%, Syria 10.7%, France 9.2%, Germany 6.4%, China 5.4%, US 5.3%, UK 4.4%, Saudi Arabia 4.3% (2005) _[ $16.78 billion (2006 est.) _9 $31.1 billion (2006 est.) _: $2.2 billion received (2003) from the $4.2 billion in soft loans pledged at the November 2002 Paris II Aid Conference _; Lebanese pound (LBP) _< Lebanese pounds per US dollar - 1,507.5 (2006), 1,507.5 (2005), 1,507.5 (2004), 1,507.5 (2003), 1,507.5 (2002) _= calendar year 
]& _> 990,000 (2005) _? 1.178 million (2005) _@ `G repair of the telecommunications system, severely damaged during the civil war, now complete `H 2 commercial wireless networks provide good service; political instability hampers privatization and deployment of new technologies `I country code - 961; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean) (erratic operations); coaxial cable to Syria; 3 submarine coaxial cables _A AM 20, FM 22, shortwave 4 (1998) _B 15 (plus 5 repeaters) (1995) _C .lb _D 3,307 (2006) _E 700,000 (2005) 
]' _F 7 (2006) _G `! 5 `a 1 `J 2 `c 1 `W 1 (2006) _R `! 2 `c 2 (2006) _^ gas 43 km (2006) _e `! 401 km `m 319 km 1.435 m `n 82 km 1.050 m `* rail system became unusable because of damage done during fighting in the 1980s and in 2006 (2006) _H `! 7,300 km `K 6,198 km `L 1,102 km (1999) _S `! 39 ships (1000 GRT or over) 150,598 GRT/178,295 DWT by type: bulk carrier 4, cargo 18, livestock carrier 10, refrigerated cargo 1, roll on/roll off 3, vehicle carrier 3 `X 4 (Greece 3, Syria 1) `d 59 (Antigua and Barbuda 1, Barbados 1, Cambodia 6, Comoros 6, Egypt 2, Georgia 7, Honduras 1, North Korea 6, Liberia 2, Malta 10, Mongolia 1, Panama 2, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 4, Sao Tome and Principe 1, Syria 7, unknown 2) (2006) _I Beirut, Chekka, Jounie, Tripoli 
]( _J Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF): Army, Navy, and Air Force (2007) _T 18-30 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; in May 2005, conscript service obligation reduced from 12 to 6 months over a 2-year period; conscripts eligible to volunteer for 5 years of military service upon completing 6 months of conscript service; Lebanon is moving toward a predominantly professional armed forces (2005) _K males age 18-49: 974,363 females age 18-49: 1,024,273 (2005 est.) Manpower fit for military service: males age 18-49: 821,762 females age 18-49: 865,770 (2005 est.) _U 3.1% (2005 est.) 
]) _N lacking a treaty or other documentation describing the boundary, portions of the Lebanon-Syria boundary are unclear with several sections in dispute; since 2000, Lebanon has claimed Shab'a Farms area in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights; the roughly 2,000-strong UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) has been in place since 1978 _c `o 405,425 (Palestinian Refugees (UNRWA)), 20,000-40,000 (Iraq) `k 17,000 (1975-90 civil war, Israeli invasions), 200,000 (July-August 2006 war) (2006) _O cannabis cultivation dramatically reduced to 2,500 hectares in 2002 despite continued significant cannabis consumption; opium poppy cultivation minimal; small amounts of Latin American cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin transit country on way to European markets and for Middle Eastern consumption; money laundering of drug proceeds fuels concern that extremists are benefiting from drug trafficking 