]! ^! Founded in 963, Luxembourg became a grand duchy in 1815 and an independent state under the Netherlands. It lost more than half of its territory to Belgium in 1839, but gained a larger measure of autonomy. Full independence was attained in 1867. Overrun by Germany in both World Wars, it ended its neutrality in 1948 when it entered into the Benelux Customs Union and when it joined NATO the following year. In 1957, Luxembourg became one of the six founding countries of the European Economic Community (later the European Union), and in 1999 it joined the euro currency area. 
]" ^" Western Europe, between France and Germany ^# 49 45 N, 6 10 E ^$ Europe ^% `! 2,586 sq km `" 2,586 sq km `# 0 sq km ^& slightly smaller than Rhode Island ^' `! 359 km `Y Belgium 148 km, France 73 km, Germany 138 km ^( 0 km (landlocked) ^) none (landlocked) ^* modified continental with mild winters, cool summers ^+ mostly gently rolling uplands with broad, shallow valleys; uplands to slightly mountainous in the north; steep slope down to Moselle flood plain in the southeast ^, `% Moselle River 133 m `& Buurgplaatz 559 m ^- iron ore (no longer exploited), arable land ^. `' 23.94% `( 0.39% `) 75.67% (includes Belgium) (2005) ^/ NA ^0 NA ^1 air and water pollution in urban areas, soil pollution of farmland _P `P Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands `Q Environmental Modification ^2 landlocked; the only Grand Duchy in the world 
]# ^3 480,222 (July 2007 est.) ^4 `+ 18.8% (male 46,478/female 43,656) `, 66.6% (male 161,466/female 158,261) `- 14.7% (male 28,530/female 41,831) (2007 est.) ^5 `! 38.9 years `. 37.9 years `/ 39.9 years (2007 est.) ^6 1.207% (2007 est.) ^7 11.84 births/1,000 population (2007 est.) ^8 8.42 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.) ^9 8.64 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.) ^: `0 1.07 male(s)/female `1 1.065 male(s)/female `, 1.02 male(s)/female `- 0.682 male(s)/female `2 0.97 male(s)/female (2007 est.) ^; `! 4.68 deaths/1,000 live births `. 4.67 deaths/1,000 live births `/ 4.69 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.) ^< `2 79.03 years `. 75.76 years `/ 82.52 years (2007 est.) ^= 1.78 children born/woman (2007 est.) ^> 0.2% (2001 est.) ^? less than 500 (2003 est.) ^@ less than 100 (2003 est.) ^A `3 Luxembourger(s) `4 Luxembourg ^B Celtic base (with French and German blend), Portuguese, Italian, Slavs (from Montenegro, Albania, and Kosovo) and European (guest and resident workers) ^C Roman Catholic 87%, other (includes Protestant, Jewish, and Muslim) 13% (2000) ^D Luxembourgish (national language), German (administrative language), French (administrative language) ^E `5 age 15 and over can read and write `2 100% `. 100% `/ 100% (2000 est.) 
]$ ^F `6 Grand Duchy of Luxembourg `7 Luxembourg `Z Grand Duche de Luxembourg `[ Luxembourg ^H constitutional monarchy ^I `8 Luxembourg `9 49 45 N, 6 10 E `: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) `p +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October ^J 3 districts; Diekirch, Grevenmacher, Luxembourg ^K 1839 (from the Netherlands) ^L National Day (Birthday of Grand Duchess Charlotte) 23 June ^M 17 October 1868; occasional revisions ^N based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction ^O 18 years of age; universal and compulsory ^P `; Grand Duke HENRI (since 7 October 2000); Heir Apparent Prince GUILLAUME (son of the monarch) `< Prime Minister Jean-Claude JUNCKER (since 1 January 1995); Deputy Prime Minister Jean ASSELBORN (since 31 July 2004) `= Council of Ministers recommended by the prime minister and appointed by the monarch `> none; the monarch is hereditary; following popular elections to the Chamber of Deputies, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the monarch; the deputy prime minister is appointed by the monarch; they are responsible to the Chamber of Deputies `* government coalition - CSV and LSAP ^Q unicameral Chamber of Deputies or Chambre des Deputes (60 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) `> last held 13 June 2004 (next to be held by June 2009) `? percent of vote by party - CSV 36.1%, LSAP 23.4%, DP 16.1%, Green Party 11.6%, ADR 10%, other 2.8%; seats by party - CSV 24, LSAP 14, DP 10, Green Party 7, ADR 5 `* there is also a Council of State that serves as an advisory body to the Chamber of Deputies; the Council of State has 21 members appointed by the Grand Duke on the advice of the prime minister ^R judicial courts and tribunals (3 Justices of the Peace, 2 district courts, and 1 Supreme Court of Appeals); administrative courts and tribunals (State Prosecutor's Office, administrative courts and tribunals, and the Constitutional Court); judges for all courts are appointed for life by the monarch ^S Action Committee for Democracy and Justice or ADR [Gast GIBERYEN]; Christian Social People's Party or CSV [Francois BILTGEN] (also known as Christian Social Party or PCS); Democratic Party or DP [Claude MEISCH]; Green Party [Francois BAUSCH]; Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party or LSAP [Alex BODRY]; dei Lenk/la Gauche (the Left); other minor parties ^T ABBL (bankers' association); ALEBA (financial sector trade union); Centrale Paysanne (federation of agricultural producers); CEP (professional sector chamber); CGFP (trade union representing civil service); Chambre de Commerce (Chamber of Commerce); Chambre des Metiers (Chamber of Artisans); FEDIL (federation of industrialists); Greenpeace (environment protection); LCGP (center-right trade union); Mouvement Ecologique (protection of ecology); OGBL (center-left trade union) ^U ACCT, AsDB, Australia Group, Benelux, CE, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC ^V `R Ambassador Joseph WEYLAND `S 2200 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 `T [1] (202) 265-4171/72 `U [1] (202) 328-8270 `V New York, San Francisco ^W `R Ambassador Ann WAGNER `_ 22 Boulevard Emmanuel Servais, L-2535 Luxembourg City `` American Embassy Luxembourg, Unit 1410, APO AE 09126-1410 (official mail); American Embassy Luxembourg, PSC 9, Box 9500, APO AE 09123 (personal mail) `T [352] 46 01 23 `U [352] 46 14 01 ^X three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and light blue; similar to the flag of the Netherlands, which uses a darker blue and is shorter; design was based on the flag of France 
]% ^Y This stable, high-income economy - benefiting from its proximity to France, Belgium, and Germany - features solid growth, low inflation, and low unemployment. The industrial sector, initially dominated by steel, has become increasingly diversified to include chemicals, rubber, and other products. Growth in the financial sector, which now accounts for about 28% of GDP, has more than compensated for the decline in steel. Most banks are foreign-owned and have extensive foreign dealings. Agriculture is based on small family-owned farms. The economy depends on foreign and cross-border workers for about 60% of its labor force. Although Luxembourg, like all EU members, has suffered from the global economic slump, the country enjoys an extraordinarily high standard of living - GDP per capita ranks second in the world. ^Z $32.6 billion (2006 est.) ^[ $34.37 billion (2006 est.) ^\ 5.7% (2006 est.) ^] $68,800 (2006 est.) ^^ `@ 1% `A 13% `B 86% (2005 est.) ^_ 203,000 of whom 121,600 are foreign cross-border workers commuting primarily from France, Belgium, and Germany (2006 est.) ^` `@ 1% `A 13% `B 86% (2004 est.) ^a 4.1% (2006 est.) _! NA% _" `C NA% `D NA% _# 2.6% (2006 est.) _V 18.3% of GDP (2006 est.) _$ `E $19.07 billion `F $19.79 billion; including capital expenditures of $975.5 million (2006 est.) _& wine, grapes, barley, oats, potatoes, wheat, fruits; dairy products, livestock products _' banking and financial services, iron and steel, information technology, telecommunications, cargo transportation, food processing, chemicals, metal products, engineering, tires, glass, aluminum, tourism _( 4.3% (2006 est.) _) 3.203 billion kWh (2005 est.) _* 6.14 billion kWh (2005 est.) _+ 2.346 billion kWh (2005 est.) _, 5.287 billion kWh (2005 est.) _- 0 bbl/day (2004 est.) _. 62,420 bbl/day (2004 est.) _/ 634 bbl/day (2001) _0 50,700 bbl/day (2001) _1 0 cu m (2004 est.) _2 1.361 billion cu m (2004 est.) _X 0 cu m (2004 est.) _Y 1.361 billion cu m (2004 est.) _Q $4.63 billion (2006 est.) _3 $19.55 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.) _4 machinery and equipment, steel products, chemicals, rubber products, glass _5 Germany 20.9%, France 17.3%, Belgium 9.1%, UK 8.2%, Italy 7.4%, Spain 7.3%, Netherlands 4.2% (2005) _6 $24.22 billion c.i.f. (2006 est.) _7 minerals, metals, foodstuffs, quality consumer goods _8 Belgium 28.4%, Germany 21.7%, China 12.6%, France 9.5%, Netherlands 5.1% (2005) _[ $232.2 million (August 2006 est.) _9 $NA _\ ODA, $235.59 million (2004) _; euro (EUR) `* on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole currency for everyday transactions within the member countries _< euros per US dollar - 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002) _= calendar year 
]& _> 244,500 (2005) _? 720,000 (2005) _@ `G highly developed, completely automated and efficient system, mainly buried cables `H nationwide cellular telephone system; buried cable `I country code - 352; 3 channels leased on TAT-6 coaxial submarine cable (Europe to North America) _A AM 2, FM 9, shortwave 2 (1999) _B 5 (1999) _C .lu _D 88,661 (2006) _E 315,000 (2005) 
]' _F 2 (2006) _G `! 1 `a 1 (2006) _R `! 1 `W 1 (2006) _] 1 (2006) _^ gas 155 km (2006) _e `! 274 km `m 274 km 1.435-m gauge (262 km electrified) (2005) _H `! 5,227 km `K 5,227 km (includes 147 km of expressways) (2004) _b 37 km (on Moselle River) (2003) _S `! 42 ships (1000 GRT or over) 557,636 GRT/792,069 DWT by type: bulk carrier 6, chemical tanker 16, container 7, liquefied gas 2, passenger 3, petroleum tanker 3, roll on/roll off 5 `X 42 (Belgium 9, Finland 4, France 14, Germany 10, Netherlands 2, US 3) (2006) _I Mertert 
]( _J Army _T a 1967 law made the Army an all-volunteer force; 17 years of age for voluntary military service; soldiers under 18 are not deployed into combat or with peacekeeping missions (2004) _K males age 17-49: 110,867 females age 17-49: 108,758 (2005 est.) Manpower fit for military service: males age 17-49: 90,279 females age 17-49: 88,638 (2005 est.) _L males age 18-49: 2,775 females age 17-49: 2,703 (2005 est.) _U 0.9% (2005 est.) 
]) _N none 