]! ^! The use of the name Montenegro began in the 15th century when the Crnojevic dynasty began to rule the Serbian principality of Zeta; over subsequent centuries Montenegro was able to maintain its independence from the Ottoman Empire. From the 16th to 19th centuries, Montenegro became a theocracy ruled by a series of bishop princes; in 1852, it was transformed into a secular principality. After World War I, Montenegro was absorbed by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, which became the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929; at the conclusion of World War II, it became a constituent republic of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. When the latter dissolved in 1992, Montenegro federated with Serbia, first as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and, after 2003, in a looser union of Serbia and Montenegro. In May 2006, Montenegro invoked its right under the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro to hold a referendum on independence from the state union. The vote for severing ties with Serbia exceeded 55% - the threshold set by the EU - allowing Montenegro to formally declare its independence on 3 June 2006. 
]" ^" Southeastern Europe, between the Adriatic Sea and Serbia ^# 42 30 N, 19 18 E ^$ Europe ^% `! 14,026 sq km `" 13,812 sq km `# 214 sq km ^& slightly smaller than Connecticut ^' `! 625 km `Y Albania 172 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina 225 km, Croatia 25 km, Serbia 203 km ^( 293.5 km ^) `$ 12 nm `O defined by treaty ^* Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland ^+ highly indented coastline with narrow coastal plain backed by rugged high limestone mountains and plateaus ^, `% Adriatic Sea 0 m `& Bobotov Kuk 2,522 m ^- bauxite, hydroelectricity ^. `' 13.7% `( 1% `) 85.3% ^/ NA ^0 destructive earthquakes ^1 pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor _P `P Climate Change, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ship Pollution ^2 strategic location along the Adriatic coast 
]# ^3 684,736 (July 2007 est.) ^6 -1% (2007 est.) ^7 11.18 births/1,000 population (2007 est.) ^8 8.39 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.) ^A `3 Montenegrin(s) `4 Montenegrin ^B Montenegrin 43%, Serbian 32%, Bosniak 8%, Albanian 5%, other (Muslims, Croats, Roma (Gypsy)) 12% ^C Orthodox, Muslim, Roman Catholic ^D Serbian (official; Ijekavian dialect), Bosnian, Albanian, Croatian 
]$ ^F `6 Republic of Montenegro `7 Montenegro `Z Republika Crna Gora `[ Crna Gora `\ People's Republic of Montenegro, Socialist Republic of Montenegro ^H republic ^I `8 Podgorica (administrative capital) `9 42 26 N, 19 16 E `: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) `p +1 hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October `* Cetinje (capital city) ^J 21 municipalities (opstini, singular - opstina); Andrijevia, Bar, Berane, Bijelo Polje, Budva, Cetinje, Danilovgrad, Herceg Novi, Kolasin, Kotor, Mojkovac, Niksic, Plav, Pluzine, Pljevlja, Podgornica, Rozaje, Savnik, Tivat, Ulcinj, Zabljak ^K 3 June 2006 (from Serbia and Montenegro) ^L National Day, 13 July (1878) ^M 12 October 1992 (was approved by the Assembly); note - Montenegro is currently writing a new constitution set to be presented to Parliament in spring 2007 ^N based on civil law system ^O 18 years of age; universal ^P `; President Filip VUJANOVIC (since 11 May 2003) `< Prime Minister Zeljko STURANOVIC (since 13 November 2006) `= Ministries act as cabinet `> president elected by direct vote for five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 11 May 2003 (next to be held in 2008); prime minister proposed by president, accepted by Assembly `? Filip VUJANOVIC elected on the third round; Filip VUJANOVIC 63.3%, Miodrag ZIVKOVIC 30.8% ^Q unicameral Assembly (81 seats, elected by direct vote for four-year terms; changed from 74 seats in 2006) `> last held 10 September 2006 (next to be held 2010) `? percent of vote by party - Coalition for European Montenegro 40.6%, Serbian List 15.3%, Coalition SNP-NS-DSS 14.8%, PZP 13.9%, Liberals and Bosniaks 3.8%, other (including Albanian minority parties) 11.6%; seats by party - Coalition for European Montenegro 39, Serbian List 12, Coalition SNP/NS/DSS 11, PZP 11, Liberals and Bosniaks 3, Albanian minority parties 5 ^R Constitutional Court (five judges with nine-year terms); Supreme Court (judges have life tenure) ^S Albanian Alternative or AA [Vesel SINISHTAJ]; Bosniak Party or BS [Rafet HUSOVIC]; Coalition for European Montenegro or DPS-SDP (bloc) [Milo DUKANOVIC] (includes DPS and SDP); Coalition SNP-NS-DSS (bloc) (includes SNP, NS, and DSS); Democratic League-Party of Democratic Prosperity or SPP [Mehmet BARHDI]; Democratic Party of Socialists or DPS [Milo DJUKANOVIC]; Democratic Serbian Party of Montenegro or DSS [Ranko KADIC]; Democratic Union of Albanians or DUA [Ferhat DINOSA]; Liberal Party of Montenegro or LP [Miodrag ZIVKOVIC]; Liberals and the Bosniak Party (bloc) [Miodrag ZIVKOVIC] (includes LP and BS); Movement for Changes or PZP [Nebojsa MEDOJEVIC]; Party of Serb Radicals or SSR [Dusko SEKULIC]; People's Party of Montenegro or NS [Predrag POPOVIC]; People's Socialist Party or NSS [Emilo LABUDOVIC]; Serbian List (bloc) [Andrija MANDIC] (includes SSR, NSS, and SNS); Serbian People's Party of Montenegro or SNS [Andrija MANDIC]; Social Democratic Party or SDP [Ranko KRIVOKAPIC]; Socialist People's Party or SNP [Srdjan MILIC] ^U CEI, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICCt, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer) ^V `R Ambassador Miodrag VLAHOVIC `S corner of New Hampshire Avenue and 18th Street NW, Washington, DC ^W `R Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Arlene FERRILL `_ Ljubljanska bb, 82000 Podgorica, Montenegro `` use embassy street address `T [381] 81 225 417 `U [381] 81 241 358 ^X a red field bordered by a narrow golden-yellow stripe with the Montenegrin coat of arms centered 
]% ^Y The republic of Montenegro severed its economy from federal control and from Serbia during the MILOSEVIC era and maintained its own central bank, used the euro instead of the Yugoslav dinar as official currency, collected customs tariffs, and managed its own budget. The dissolution of the loose political union between Serbia and Montenegro in 2006 led to separate membership in several international financial institutions, such as the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. On 18 January 2007, Montenegro joined the World Bank and IMF. Montenegro is pursuing its own membership in the World Trade Organization as well as negotiating a Stabilization and Association agreement with the European Union in anticipation of eventual membership. Severe unemployment remains a key political and economic problem for this entire region. Montenegro has privatized its large aluminum complex - the dominant industry - as well as most of its financial sector, and has begun to attract foreign direct investment in the tourism sector. ^Z $3.394 billion (2006 est.) ^[ $2.27 billion (2006 est.) ^\ NA% ^] $3,800 (2005 est.) ^^ `@ NA% `A NA% `B NA% ^_ 259,100 (2004) ^` `@ 2% `A 30% `B 68% (2004 est.) ^a 27.7% (2005) _! 12.2% (2003) _# 3.4% (2004) _V NA% of GDP _$ `E NA `F NA _% NA% of GDP _& grains, tobacco, potatoes, citrus fruits, olives, grapes; sheepherding; commercial fishing negligible _' steelmaking, aluminum, agricultural processing, consumer goods, tourism _) 2.864 billion kWh (2005 est.) _* 18.6 million kWh (2004) _- 0 bbl/day (2004) _. 450 bbl/day (2004) _2 NA cu m _Q $NA _3 $171.3 million (2003) _5 Switzerland 83.9%, Italy 6.1%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 1.3% (2003) _6 $601.7 million (2003) _8 Greece 10.2%, Italy 10.2%, Germany 9.6%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 9.2% (2003) _[ NA _9 $NA _: $NA _; euro (EUR) _< euros per US dollar - 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8089 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002) _= calendar year 
]& _> 177,663 (2005) _? 543,220 (2005) _@ `G modern telecommunications system with access to European satellites `H GSM wireless service, available through 2 providers with national coverage, is growing rapidly `I country code - 382 (the old code of 381 used by Serbia and Montenegro will also remain in use until Feb 2007); 2 international switches connect the national system _A 31 (station types NA) (2004) _B 13 (2004) _C .me _E 50,000 (2004) 
]' _F 5 (2006) _G `! 3 `J 1 `b 2 (2006) _R `! 2 `c 1 `W 1 (2006) _e `! 250 km `m 250 km 1.435-m gauge (electrified 169 km) (2005) _H `! 7,353 km `K 4,274 km `L 3,079 km (2005) _S `! 4 ships (1000 GRT or over) 9,458 GRT/10,172 DWT by type: cargo 4 `d 4 (Bahamas 2, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2) (2006) _I Bar 
]( _T compulsory national military service abolished August 2006 _M Montenegrin plans call for the establishment of a fully professional armed forces 
]) _N none 