]! ^! The Tajik people came under Russian rule in the 1860s and 1870s, but Russia's hold on Central Asia weakened following the Revolution of 1917. Bolshevik control of the area was fiercely contested and not fully reestablished until 1925. Tajikistan became independent in 1991 following the breakup of the Soviet Union, and it is now in the process of strengthening its democracy and transitioning to a free market economy after its 1992-97 civil war. There have been no major security incidents in recent years, although the country remains the poorest in the former Soviet sphere. Attention by the international community in the wake of the war in Afghanistan has brought increased economic development assistance, which could create jobs and increase stability in the long term. Tajikistan is in the early stages of seeking World Trade Organization membership and has joined NATO's Partnership for Peace. 
]" ^" Central Asia, west of China ^# 39 00 N, 71 00 E ^$ Asia ^% `! 143,100 sq km `" 142,700 sq km `# 400 sq km ^& slightly smaller than Wisconsin ^' `! 3,651 km `Y Afghanistan 1,206 km, China 414 km, Kyrgyzstan 870 km, Uzbekistan 1,161 km ^( 0 km (landlocked) ^) none (landlocked) ^* midlatitude continental, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains ^+ Pamir and Alay Mountains dominate landscape; western Fergana Valley in north, Kofarnihon and Vakhsh Valleys in southwest ^, `% Syr Darya (Sirdaryo) 300 m `& Qullai Ismoili Somoni 7,495 m ^- hydropower, some petroleum, uranium, mercury, brown coal, lead, zinc, antimony, tungsten, silver, gold ^. `' 6.52% `( 0.89% `) 92.59% (2005) ^/ 7,220 sq km (2003) ^0 earthquakes and floods ^1 inadequate sanitation facilities; increasing levels of soil salinity; industrial pollution; excessive pesticides _P `P Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Environmental Modification, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands `Q none of the selected agreements ^2 landlocked; mountainous region dominated by the Trans-Alay Range in the north and the Pamirs in the southeast; highest point, Qullai Ismoili Somoni (formerly Communism Peak), was the tallest mountain in the former USSR 
]# ^3 7,076,598 (July 2007 est.) ^4 `+ 35% (male 1,261,247/female 1,218,686) `, 61.2% (male 2,145,300/female 2,184,519) `- 3.8% (male 113,186/female 153,660) (2007 est.) ^5 `! 21.3 years `. 20.8 years `/ 21.8 years (2007 est.) ^6 1.895% (2007 est.) ^7 27.33 births/1,000 population (2007 est.) ^8 7.05 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.) ^9 -1.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.) ^: `0 1.05 male(s)/female `1 1.035 male(s)/female `, 0.982 male(s)/female `- 0.737 male(s)/female `2 0.99 male(s)/female (2007 est.) ^; `! 43.64 deaths/1,000 live births `. 48.73 deaths/1,000 live births `/ 38.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.) ^< `2 64.61 years `. 61.6 years `/ 67.78 years (2007 est.) ^= 3.09 children born/woman (2007 est.) ^> less than 0.1% (2001 est.) ^? less than 200 (2003 est.) ^@ less than 100 (2001 est.) ^A `3 Tajikistani(s) `4 Tajikistani ^B Tajik 79.9%, Uzbek 15.3%, Russian 1.1%, Kyrgyz 1.1%, other 2.6% (2000 census) ^C Sunni Muslim 85%, Shi'a Muslim 5%, other 10% (2003 est.) ^D Tajik (official), Russian widely used in government and business ^E `5 age 15 and over can read and write `2 99.4% `. 99.6% `/ 99.1% (2003 est.) 
]$ ^F `6 Republic of Tajikistan `7 Tajikistan `Z Jumhurii Tojikiston `[ Tojikiston `\ Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic ^H republic ^I `8 Dushanbe `9 38 35 N, 68 48 E `: UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) ^J 2 provinces (viloyatho, singular - viloyat) and 1 autonomous province* (viloyati mukhtor); Viloyati Khatlon (Qurghonteppa), Viloyati Mukhtori Kuhistoni Badakhshon* [Gorno-Badakhshan] (Khorugh), Viloyati Sughd (Khujand) `* the administrative center name follows in parentheses ^K 9 September 1991 (from Soviet Union) ^L Independence Day (or National Day), 9 September (1991) ^M 6 November 1994 ^N based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts ^O 18 years of age; universal ^P `; President Emomali RAHMONOV (since 6 November 1994; head of state and Supreme Assembly chairman since 19 November 1992) `< Prime Minister Oqil OQILOV (since 20 January 1999) `= Council of Ministers appointed by the president, approved by the Supreme Assembly `> president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 6 November 2006 (next to be held in November 2013); prime minister appointed by the president `? Emomali RAHMONOV reelected president; percent of vote - Emomali RAHMONOV 79.3%, Olimzon BOBOYEV 6.2%, other 14.5% ^Q bicameral Supreme Assembly or Majlisi Oli consists of the National Assembly (upper chamber) or Majlisi Milliy (34 seats; members are indirectly elected, 25 selected by local deputies, 8 appointed by the president; 1 seat reserved for the former president; all serve five-year terms) and the Assembly of Representatives (lower chamber) or Majlisi Namoyandagon (63 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) `> last held 25 March 2005 for the National Assembly (next to be held in February 2010) and 27 February and 13 March 2005 for the Assembly of Representatives (next to be held in February 2010) `? National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PDPT 29, CPT 2, independents 3; Assembly of Representatives - percent of vote by party - PDPT 74.9%, CPT 13.6%, Islamic Revival Party 8.9%, other 2.5%; seats by party - PDPT 51, CPT 5, Islamic Revival Party 2, independents 5 ^R Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president) ^S Agrarian Party of Tajikistan or APT [Amir KARAKULOV]; Democratic Party or DPT [Mahmadruzi ISKANDAROV (imprisoned October 2005); Rahmatullo VALIYEV, deputy]; Islamic Revival Party [Muhiddin KABIRI]; Party of Economic Reform or PER [Olimzon BOBOYEV]; People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan or PDPT [Emomali RAHMONOV]; Social Democratic Party or SDPT [Rahmatullo ZOYIROV]; Socialist Party or SPT [Abdualim GHAFFOROV]; Tajik Communist Party or CPT [Shodi SHABDOLOV] ^T unregistered political parties: Agrarian Party [Hikmatullo NASREDDINOV]; Party of Justice [Abdurahim KARIMOV]; People's Unity Party [Abdumalik ABDULLOJONOV]; Progressive Party [Sulton QUVVATOV]; Socialist Party or SPT [Mirhuseyn NAZRIYEV]; note - this is a SPT that was disbanded, another pro-government SPT (listed above under political parties) replaced it; Unity Party [Hikmatullo SAIDOV] ^U AsDB, CIS, EAEC, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, FAO, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITU, MIGA, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer) ^V `R Ambassador Abdujabbor SHIRINOV `S 1005 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037 `T [1] (202) 223-6090 `U [1] (202) 223-6091 ^W `R Ambassador Tracey Ann JACOBSON `_ 109-A Ismoili Somoni Avenue, Dushanbe 734003 `` 7090 Dushanbe Place, Dulles, VA 20189 `T [992] (37) 229-20-00 `U [992] (37) 229-20-50 ^X three horizontal stripes of red (top), a wider stripe of white, and green; a gold crown surmounted by seven gold, five-pointed stars is located in the center of the white stripe 
]% ^Y Tajikistan has one of the lowest per capita GDPs among the 15 former Soviet republics. Only 7% of the land area is arable; cotton is the most important crop. Mineral resources, varied but limited in amount, include silver, gold, uranium, and tungsten. Industry consists only of a large aluminum plant, hydropower facilities, and small obsolete factories mostly in light industry and food processing. The civil war (1992-97) severely damaged the already weak economic infrastructure and caused a sharp decline in industrial and agricultural production. While Tajikistan has experienced steady economic growth since 1997, nearly two-thirds of the population continues to live in abject poverty. Economic growth reached 10.6% in 2004 but dropped to 8% in 2005 and to 7% in 2006. Tajikistan's economic situation, however, remains fragile due to uneven implementation of structural reforms, weak governance, widespread unemployment, and the external debt burden. Continued privatization of medium and large state-owned enterprises could increase productivity. A debt restructuring agreement was reached with Russia in December 2002 including a $250 million write-off of Tajikistan's $300 million debt. Tajikistan ranks third in the world in terms of water resources per head. A proposed investment to finish the hydropower dams Rogun and Sangtuda I and II would substantially add to electricity production, which could be exported for profit. If finished, Rogun will be the world's tallest dam. In 2006, Tajikistan was the recipient of substantial infrastructure development credits from the Shanghai Cooperation Organization to improve its roads and electricity transmission network. To help increase north-south trade, the US is constructing a $36 million bridge linking Tajikistan and Afghanistan. ^Z $9.405 billion (2006 est.) ^[ $2.066 billion (2006 est.) ^\ 7% (2006 est.) ^] $1,300 (2006 est.) ^^ `@ 22.7% `A 28.5% `B 48.8% (2006 est.) ^_ 3.7 million (2003) ^` `@ 67.2% `A 7.5% `B 25.3% (2000 est.) ^a 12% (2004 est.) _! 64% (2004 est.) _" `C 3.2% `D 25.2% (1998) _d 34.7 (1998) _# 7.5% (2006 est.) _V 19.9% of GDP (2006 est.) _$ `E $527.5 million `F $622 million; including capital expenditures of $86 million (2006 est.) _& cotton, grain, fruits, grapes, vegetables; cattle, sheep, goats _' aluminum, zinc, lead; chemicals and fertilizers, cement, vegetable oil, metal-cutting machine tools, refrigerators and freezers _( 8.2% (2002 est.) _) 16.5 billion kWh (2004) _* 15.7 billion kWh (2004) _+ 4.459 billion kWh (2004) _, 4.81 billion kWh (2004) _- 252.8 bbl/day (2004 est.) _. 28,000 bbl/day (2004 est.) _/ NA bbl/day _0 NA bbl/day _1 39 million cu m (2004 est.) _2 1.389 billion cu m (2004 est.) _X 0 cu m (2004 est.) _Y 1.35 billion cu m (2004 est.) _Q $-73.95 million (2006 est.) _3 $1.16 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.) _4 aluminum, electricity, cotton, fruits, vegetable oil, textiles _5 Netherlands 46.6%, Turkey 15.8%, Russia 9.1%, Uzbekistan 7.3%, Latvia 4.9%, Iran 4% (2005) _6 $1.513 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.) _7 electricity, petroleum products, aluminum oxide, machinery and equipment, foodstuffs _8 Russia 19.3%, Kazakhstan 12.7%, Uzbekistan 11.5%, Azerbaijan 8.6%, China 7%, Ukraine 6.2%, Romania 4.6%, Turkmenistan 4% (2005) _[ $209.2 million (2006 est.) _9 $829 million (2006 est.) _: $67 million from US (2005) _; somoni (TJS) _< Tajikistani somoni per US dollar - 3.3 (2006), 3.1166 (2005), 2.9705 (2004), 3.0614 (2003), 2.7641 (2002) _= calendar year 
]& _> 245,200 (2004) _? 265,000 (2005) _@ `G poorly developed and not well maintained; many towns are not linked to the national network `H the domestic telecommunications network has historically been under funded and poorly maintained; main line availability has not changed significantly since 1998; cellular telephony is rare and coverage remains limited `I country code - 992; linked by cable and microwave radio relay to other CIS republics and by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; Dushanbe linked by Intelsat to international gateway switch in Ankara (Turkey); satellite earth stations - 1 Orbita and 2 Intelsat _A AM 8, FM 10, shortwave 2 (2002) _B 6 (2006) _C .tj _D 98 (2006) _E 5,000 (2005) 
]' _F 40 (2006) _G `! 17 `a 2 `J 4 `b 5 `c 3 `W 3 (2006) _R `! 23 `c 1 `W 22 (2006) _^ gas 549 km; oil 38 km (2006) _e `! 482 km `r 482 km 1.520-m gauge (2005) _H `! 27,767 km (2000) _b 200 km (along Vakhsh River) (2006) 
]( _J Ground Troops, Air and Air Defense Troops, Mobile Troops (2005) _T 18 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation - 2 years (2004) _K males age 18-49: 1,556,415 females age 18-49: 1,568,780 (2005 est.) Manpower fit for military service: males age 18-49: 1,244,941 females age 18-49: 1,297,891 (2005 est.) _L males age 18-49: 87,846 females age 18-49: 85,869 (2005 est.) _U 3.9% (2005 est.) 
]) _N in 2006, China and Tajikistan pledged to commence demarcation of the revised boundary agreed to in the delimitation of 2002; talks continue with Uzbekistan to delimit border and remove minefields; disputes in Isfara Valley delay delimitation with Kyrgyzstan _O major transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and, to a lesser extent, Western European markets; limited illicit cultivation of opium poppy for domestic consumption; Tajikistan seizes roughly 80% of all drugs captured in Central Asia and stands third worldwide in seizures of opiates (heroin and raw opium); significant consumer of opiates 