]! ^! French Togoland became Togo in 1960. Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA, installed as military ruler in 1967, continued to rule into the 21st century. Despite the facade of multiparty elections instituted in the early 1990s, the government continued to be dominated by President EYADEMA, whose Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) party has maintained power almost continually since 1967. Togo has come under fire from international organizations for human rights abuses and is plagued by political unrest. While most bilateral and multilateral aid to Togo remains frozen, the EU initiated a partial resumption of cooperation and development aid to Togo in late 2004 based upon commitments by Togo to expand opportunities for political opposition and liberalize portions of the economy. Upon his death in February 2005, President EYADEMA was succeeded by his son Faure GNASSINGBE. The succession, supported by the military and in contravention of the nation's constitution, was challenged by popular protest and a threat of sanctions from regional leaders. GNASSINGBE succumbed to pressure and in April 2005 held elections that legitimized his succession. Legislative elections are scheduled for June 2007. 
]" ^" Western Africa, bordering the Bight of Benin, between Benin and Ghana ^# 8 00 N, 1 10 E ^$ Africa ^% `! 56,785 sq km `" 54,385 sq km `# 2,400 sq km ^& slightly smaller than West Virginia ^' `! 1,647 km `Y Benin 644 km, Burkina Faso 126 km, Ghana 877 km ^( 56 km ^) `$ 30 nm `N 200 nm ^* tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north ^+ gently rolling savanna in north; central hills; southern plateau; low coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes ^, `% Atlantic Ocean 0 m `& Mont Agou 986 m ^- phosphates, limestone, marble, arable land ^. `' 44.2% `( 2.11% `) 53.69% (2005) ^/ 70 sq km (2003) ^0 hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north during winter; periodic droughts ^1 deforestation attributable to slash-and-burn agriculture and the use of wood for fuel; water pollution presents health hazards and hinders the fishing industry; air pollution increasing in urban areas _P `P Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling `Q none of the selected agreements ^2 the country's length allows it to stretch through six distinct geographic regions; climate varies from tropical to savanna 
]# ^3 5,701,579 `* estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2007 est.) ^4 `+ 42% (male 1,201,840/female 1,193,416) `, 55.3% (male 1,535,855/female 1,617,631) `- 2.7% (male 61,658/female 91,179) (2007 est.) ^5 `! 18.4 years `. 18 years `/ 18.9 years (2007 est.) ^6 2.718% (2007 est.) ^7 36.83 births/1,000 population (2007 est.) ^8 9.65 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.) ^9 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.) ^: `0 1.03 male(s)/female `1 1.007 male(s)/female `, 0.949 male(s)/female `- 0.676 male(s)/female `2 0.965 male(s)/female (2007 est.) ^; `! 59.12 deaths/1,000 live births `. 66.56 deaths/1,000 live births `/ 51.46 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.) ^< `2 57.86 years `. 55.81 years `/ 59.96 years (2007 est.) ^= 4.9 children born/woman (2007 est.) ^> 4.1% (2003 est.) ^? 110,000 (2003 est.) ^@ 10,000 (2003 est.) _` `h very high `i bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: malaria and yellow fever are high risks in some locations water contact disease: schistosomiasis `s meningococcal meningitis (2007) ^A `3 Togolese (singular and plural) `4 Togolese ^B African (37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe, Mina, and Kabre) 99%, European and Syrian-Lebanese less than 1% ^C Christian 29%, Muslim 20%, indigenous beliefs 51% ^D French (official and the language of commerce), Ewe and Mina (the two major African languages in the south), Kabye (sometimes spelled Kabiye) and Dagomba (the two major African languages in the north) ^E `5 age 15 and over can read and write `2 60.9% `. 75.4% `/ 46.9% (2003 est.) 
]$ ^F `6 Togolese Republic `7 Togo `Z Republique togolaise `[ none `\ French Togoland ^H republic under transition to multiparty democratic rule ^I `8 Lome `9 6 08 N, 1 13 E `: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) ^J 5 regions (regions, singular - region); Centrale, Kara, Maritime, Plateaux, Savanes ^K 27 April 1960 (from French-administered UN trusteeship) ^L Independence Day, 27 April (1960) ^M multiparty draft constitution approved by High Council of the Republic 1 July 1992, adopted by public referendum 27 September 1992 ^N French-based court system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations ^O NA years of age; universal (adult) ^P `; President Faure GNASSINGBE (since 6 February 2005); note - Gnassingbe EYADEMA died on 5 February 2005 and was succeeded by his son, Faure GNASSINGBE; popular elections in April 2005 validated the succession `< Prime Minister Yawovi AGBOYIBO (since 16 September 2006) `= Council of Ministers appointed by the president and the prime minister `> president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (no term limits); election last held 24 April 2005 (next to be held by 2010); prime minister appointed by the president `? Faure GNASSINGBE elected president; percent of vote - Faure GNASSINGBE 60.2%, Emmanuel Akitani BOB 38.3%, Nicolas LAWSON 1%, Harry OLYMPIO 0.5% ^Q unicameral National Assembly (81 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) `> last held 27 October 2002 (next to be held 24 June 2007) `? percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - RPT 72, RSDD 3, UDPS 2, Juvento 2, MOCEP 1, independents 1 ^R Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel; Supreme Court or Cour Supreme ^S Action Committee for Renewal or CAR [Yawovi AGBOYIBO]; Democratic Convention of African Peoples or CDPA; Democratic Party for Renewal or PDR; Juvento [Monsilia DJATO]; Movement of the Believers of Peace and Equality or MOCEP; Pan-African Patriotic Convergence or CPP; Rally for the Support for Development and Democracy or RSDD [Harry OLYMPIO]; Rally of the Togolese People or RPT [Faure GNASSINGBE]; Socialist Pact for Renewal or PSR; Union for Democracy and Social Progress or UDPS [Gagou KOKOU]; Union of Forces for a Change or UFC [Gilchrist OLYMPIO] ^T NA ^U ABEDA, ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, OIC, OIF, ONUB, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO ^V `R Ambassador (vacant) `S 2208 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 `T [1] (202) 234-4212 `U [1] (202) 232-3190 ^W `R Ambassador David B. DUNN `_ Angle Rue Kouenou and Rue 15 Beniglato, Lome `` B. P. 852, Lome `T [228] 221 29 91 through 221 29 94 `U [228] 221 79 52 ^X five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom) alternating with yellow; there is a white five-pointed star on a red square in the upper hoist-side corner; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia 
]% ^Y This small, sub-Saharan economy is heavily dependent on both commercial and subsistence agriculture, which provides employment for 65% of the labor force. Some basic foodstuffs must still be imported. Cocoa, coffee, and cotton generate about 40% of export earnings with cotton being the most important cash crop. Togo is the world's fourth-largest producer of phosphate. The government's decade-long effort, supported by the World Bank and the IMF, to implement economic reform measures, encourage foreign investment, and bring revenues in line with expenditures has moved slowly. Progress depends on follow through on privatization, increased openness in government financial operations, progress toward legislative elections, and continued support from foreign donors. Togo is working with donors to write a Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF) that could eventually lead to a debt reduction plan. ^Z $9.248 billion (2006 est.) ^[ $2.109 billion (2006 est.) ^\ 3% (2006 est.) ^] $1,700 (2006 est.) ^^ `@ 39.5% `A 20.4% `B 40.1% (2003 est.) ^_ 1.302 million (1998) ^` `@ 65% `A 5% `B 30% (1998 est.) ^a NA% _! 32% (1989 est.) _" `C NA% `D NA% _# 2.8% (2006 est.) _V 22.4% of GDP (2006 est.) _$ `E $260.2 million `F $311 million; including capital expenditures of $NA (2006 est.) _& coffee, cocoa, cotton, yams, cassava (tapioca), corn, beans, rice, millet, sorghum; livestock; fish _' phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement, handicrafts, textiles, beverages _( NA% _) 286.2 million kWh (2004) _* 929.2 million kWh (2004) _+ 0 kWh (2004) _, 663 million kWh; note - electricity supplied by Ghana (2004) _- 0 bbl/day (2004 est.) _. 14,000 bbl/day (2004 est.) _/ NA bbl/day _0 NA bbl/day _1 0 cu m (2004 est.) _2 0 cu m (2004 est.) _Q $-261.9 million (2006 est.) _3 $868.4 million f.o.b. (2006 est.) _4 reexports, cotton, phosphates, coffee, cocoa _5 Ghana 21.1%, Burkina Faso 18.2%, Benin 11.5%, Mali 7.3%, India 5.8%, Nigeria 4% (2005) _6 $1.208 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.) _7 machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum products _8 France 17.8%, China 13.3%, Cote d'Ivoire 6.5%, Italy 4.5%, Spain 4.3% (2005) _[ $333.9 million (2006 est.) _9 $2 billion (2005) _: ODA, $80 million (2000 est.) _; Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States _< Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - 522.59 (2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002) _= calendar year 
]& _> 58,600 (2005) _? 443,600 (2005) _@ `G fair system based on a network of microwave radio relay routes supplemented by open-wire lines and a mobile cellular system `H microwave radio relay and open-wire lines for conventional system `I country code - 228; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Symphonie _A AM 2, FM 9, shortwave 4 (1998) _B 3 (plus 2 repeaters) (1997) _C .tg _D 520 (2006) _E 300,000 (2005) 
]' _F 9 (2006) _G `! 2 `J 2 (2006) _R `! 7 `c 5 `W 2 (2006) _e `! 568 km `n 568 km 1.000-m gauge (2005) _H `! 7,520 km `K 2,376 km `L 5,144 km (1999) _b 50 km (seasonally on Mono River depending on rainfall) (2005) _S `! 2 ships (1000 GRT or over) 3,918 GRT/3,852 DWT by type: cargo 1, refrigerated cargo 1 (2006) _I Kpeme, Lome 
]( _J Togolese Armed Forces (FAT): Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie (2005) _T 18 years of age for voluntary and compulsory military service (2001) _K males age 18-49: 1,102,661 females age 18-49: 1,124,463 (2005 est.) Manpower fit for military service: males age 18-49: 696,933 females age 18-49: 707,821 (2005 est.) _U 1.6% (2005 est.) 
]) _N in 2001, Benin claimed Togo moved boundary monuments - joint commission continues to resurvey the boundary; in 2006 14,000 Togolese refugees remain in Benin and Ghana out of the 40,000 who fled there in 2005 _c `o 8,000 (Ghana) `k 1,500 (2006) __ `f Togo is a source, transit, and destination country for children, women, and men trafficked for forced labor and sexual exploitation; the majority of victims are children, and trafficking within the country is more prevalent than international trafficking; children are trafficked to work as domestic servants, produce porters, roadside sellers, agricultural laborers, and for sexual exploitation; Togolese women may be trafficked to Europe for forced labor and sexual exploitation `g Tier 2 Watch List - Togo is placed on the Tier 2 Watch List for failure to show evidence of increased efforts to combat trafficking over the past year, particularly in the areas of prosecution and protection _O transit hub for Nigerian heroin and cocaine traffickers; money laundering not a significant problem 