]! ^! Popes in their secular role ruled portions of the Italian peninsula for more than a thousand years until the mid 19th century, when many of the Papal States were seized by the newly united Kingdom of Italy. In 1870, the pope's holdings were further circumscribed when Rome itself was annexed. Disputes between a series of "prisoner" popes and Italy were resolved in 1929 by three Lateran Treaties, which established the independent state of Vatican City and granted Roman Catholicism special status in Italy. In 1984, a concordat between the Holy See and Italy modified certain of the earlier treaty provisions, including the primacy of Roman Catholicism as the Italian state religion. Present concerns of the Holy See include religious freedom, international development, the Middle East, terrorism, interreligious dialogue and reconciliation, and the application of church doctrine in an era of rapid change and globalization. About 1 billion people worldwide profess the Catholic faith. 
]" ^" Southern Europe, an enclave of Rome (Italy) ^# 41 54 N, 12 27 E ^$ Europe ^% `! 0.44 sq km `" 0.44 sq km `# 0 sq km ^& about 0.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC ^' `! 3.2 km `Y Italy 3.2 km ^( 0 km (landlocked) ^) none (landlocked) ^* temperate; mild, rainy winters (September to May) with hot, dry summers (May to September) ^+ urban; low hill ^, `% unnamed location 19 m `& unnamed location 75 m ^- none ^. `' 0% `( 0% `) 100% (urban area) (2005) ^/ 0 sq km ^0 NA ^1 NA _P `P Climate Change `Q Air Pollution, Environmental Modification ^2 landlocked; enclave in Rome, Italy; world's smallest state; beyond the territorial boundary of Vatican City, the Lateran Treaty of 1929 grants the Holy See extraterritorial authority over 23 sites in Rome and five outside of Rome, including the Pontifical Palace at Castel Gandolfo (the Pope's summer residence) 
]# ^3 821 (July 2007 est.) ^6 0% (2007 est.) ^> NA ^? NA ^@ NA ^A `3 none `4 none ^B Italians, Swiss, other ^C Roman Catholic ^D Italian, Latin, French, various other languages ^E `5 NA `2 100% `. 100% `/ 100% 
]$ ^F `6 The Holy See (State of the Vatican City) `7 Holy See (Vatican City) `Z Santa Sede (Stato della Citta del Vaticano) `[ Santa Sede (Citta del Vaticano) ^H ecclesiastical ^I `8 Vatican City `9 41 54 N, 12 27 E `: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) `p +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October ^J none ^K 11 February 1929 (from Italy); note - the three treaties signed with Italy on 11 February 1929 acknowledged, among other things, the full sovereignty of the Vatican and established its territorial extent; however, the origin of the Papal States, which over the years have varied considerably in extent, may be traced back to the 8th century ^L Coronation Day of Pope BENEDICT XVI, 24 April (2005) ^M new Fundamental Law promulgated by Pope JOHN PAUL II on 26 November 2000, effective 22 February 2001 (replaces the first Fundamental Law of 1929) ^N based on Code of Canon Law and revisions to it ^O limited to cardinals less than 80 years old ^P `; Pope BENEDICT XVI (since 19 April 2005) `< Secretary of State Cardinal Tarcisio BERTONE (since 15 September 2006) `= Pontifical Commission appointed by the pope `> pope elected for life by the College of Cardinals; election last held 19 April 2005 (next to be held after the death of the current pope); secretary of state appointed by the pope `? Joseph RATZINGER elected Pope BENEDICT XVI ^Q unicameral Pontifical Commission ^R there are three tribunals responsible for civil and criminal matters within Vatican City; three other tribunals rule on issues pertaining to the Holy See `* judicial duties were established by the Motu Proprio of Pope PIUS XII on 1 May 1946 ^S none ^T none (exclusive of influence exercised by church officers) ^U CE (observer), IAEA, IOM (observer), ITU, ITUC, NAM (guest), OAS (observer), OPCW, OSCE, UN (observer), UNCTAD, UNHCR, UNWTO (observer), UPU, WIPO, WTO (observer) ^V `R Apostolic Nuncio Archbishop Pietro SAMBI `S 3339 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 `T [1] (202) 333-7121 `U [1] (202) 337-4036 ^W `R Ambassador Francis ROONEY `_ Villa Domiziana, Via delle Terme Deciane 26, 00153 Rome `` PSC 59, Box 66, APO AE 09624 `T [39] (06) 4674-3428 `U [39] (06) 575-8346 ^X two vertical bands of yellow (hoist side) and white with the arms of the Holy See, consisting of the crossed keys of Saint Peter surmounted by the three-tiered papal tiara, centered in the white band 
]% ^Y This unique, noncommercial economy is supported financially by an annual contribution (known as Peter's Pence) from Roman Catholic dioceses throughout the world; by the sale of postage stamps, coins, medals, and tourist mementos; by fees for admission to museums; and by the sale of publications. Investments and real estate income also account for a sizable portion of revenue. The incomes and living standards of lay workers are comparable to those of counterparts who work in the city of Rome. ^Z $NA ^_ NA ^` `* essentially services with a small amount of industry; dignitaries, priests, nuns, guards, and 3,000 lay workers live outside the Vatican _! NA% _$ `E $247 million `F $243 million; including capital expenditures of $NA (2005) _' printing; production of coins, medals, postage stamps; a small amount of mosaics and staff uniforms; worldwide banking and financial activities _) NA kWh _* NA kWh _, NA kWh; note - electricity supplied by Italy _: $0 _; euro (EUR) _< euros per US dollar - 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002) _= calendar year 
]& _> 5,120 (2005) _@ `G automatic digital exchange `H connected via fiber optic cable to Telecom Italia network `I country code - 39; uses Italian system _A AM 4, FM 3, shortwave 2 (2004) _B 1 (2005) _C .va _D 45 (2006) _E 93 (2000) 
]( _J Pontifical Swiss Guard (Corpo della Guardia Svizzera Pontificia) _M defense is the responsibility of Italy; ceremonial and limited security duties performed by Pontifical Swiss Guard 
]) _N none 